Current - Issue
Review Article
A Comprehensive Review of Gap-Filling and Forecasting Methods for GRACE/GRACE-FO Terrestrial Water Storage Anomalies with Emphasis on Arid and Semi-Arid Regions
Ahmed M.Raslan1
Mona A.Hagras2
Mahmoud I. Khalil3
Samia Saad4
Mohamed Elfawy5
1 2 4 5 Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, Irrigation & Hydraulics Department, 1 Elsarayat St., Abbaseya, Cairo, Egypt. 3 Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Systems Engineering Department, 1 Elsarayat St., Abbaseya, Cairo, Egypt.
Published Online: May-June 2026
Pages: 91-101
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/ijire.20260703010
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2. J.S. Famiglietti, The global groundwater crisis, Nat. Clim. Chang. 4 (2014) 945–948. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2425.
3. P. Döll, H. Hoffmann-Dobrev, F.T. Portmann, S. Siebert, A. Eicker, M. Rodell, G. Strassberg, B.R. Scanlon, Impact of water
withdrawals from groundwater and surface water on continental water storage variations, J. Geodyn. 59–60 (2012) 143–156.
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4. T. Gleeson, Y. Wada, M.F.P. Bierkens, L.P.H. van Beek, Water balance of global aquifers revealed by groundwater footprint, Nature
488 (2012) 197–200. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11295.
5. F.W. Landerer, F.M. Flechtner, H. Save, F.H. Webb, T. Bandikova, W.I. Bertiger, S. V Bettadpur, S.H. Byun, C. Dahle, H. Dobslaw,
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Poole, D. Strekalov, M.E. Tamisiea, F. Wang, M.M. Watkins, H.-Y. Wen, D.N. Wiese, D.-N. Yuan, Extending the Global Mass
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6. B.D. Tapley, S. Bettadpur, M. Watkins, C. Reigber, The gravity recovery and climate experiment: Mission overview and early results,
Geophys. Res. Lett. 31 (2004). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019920.
7. S. Swenson, J. Wahr, Methods for inferring regional surface-mass anomalies from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
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https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000576.
8. J. Wahr, M. Molenaar, F. Bryan, Time variability of the Earth’s gravity field: Hydrological and oceanic effects and their possible
detection using GRACE, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 103 (1998) 30205–30229. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB02844.
9. M. Rodell, I. Velicogna, J.S. Famiglietti, Satellite-based estimates of groundwater depletion in India, Nature 460 (2009) 999–1002.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08238.
10. B.R. Scanlon, L. Longuevergne, D. Long, Ground referencing GRACE satellite estimates of groundwater storage changes in the
California Central Valley, USA, Water Resour. Res. 48 (2012). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011312.
11. Z. Sun, D. Long, W. Yang, X. Li, Y. Pan, Reconstruction of GRACE Data on Changes in Total Water Storage Over the Global Land
Surface and 60 Basins, Water Resour. Res. 56 (2020) e2019WR026250. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR026250.
12. V. Humphrey, L. Gudmundsson, GRACE-REC: a reconstruction of climate-driven water storage changes over the last century, Earth
Syst. Sci. Data 11 (2019) 1153–1170. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1153-2019.
13. W.M. Seyoum, A.M. Milewski, Improved methods for estimating local terrestrial water dynamics from GRACE in the Northern High
Plains, Adv. Water Resour. 110 (2017) 279–290. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.10.021.
14. B.R. Scanlon, Z. Zhang, H. Save, A.Y. Sun, H. Müller Schmied, L.P.H. van Beek, D.N. Wiese, Y. Wada, D. Long, R.C. Reedy, L.
Longuevergne, P. Döll, M.F.P. Bierkens, Global models underestimate large decadal declining and rising water storage trends relative
to GRACE satellite data, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (2018) E1080–E1089.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704665115.
15. D. Long, Y. Shen, A. Sun, Y. Hong, L. Longuevergne, Y. Yang, B. Li, L. Chen, Drought and flood monitoring for a large karst
plateau in Southwest China using extended GRACE data, Remote Sens. Environ. 155 (2014) 145–160.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.08.006.
16. O.A. Fallatah, M. Ahmed, H. Save, A.S. Akanda, Quantifying temporal variations in water resources of a vulnerable middle east ern
transboundary aquifer system, Hydrol. Process. 31 (2017) 4081–4091. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11285.17. A.S. Richey, B.F. Thomas, M.-H. Lo, J.T. Reager, J.S. Famiglietti, K. Voss, S. Swenson, M. Rodell, Quantifying renewable
groundwater stress with GRACE, Water Resour. Res. 51 (2015) 5217–5238. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017349.
18. W. Jing, L. Yao, X. Zhao, P. Zhang, Y. Liu, X. Xia, J. Song, J. Yang, Y. Li, C. Zhou, Understanding Terrestrial Water Storage
Declining Trends in the Yellow River Basin, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124 (2019) 12963–12984.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031432.
19. F. Li, J. Kusche, N. Chao, Z. Wang, A. Löcher, Long-Term (1979-Present) Total Water Storage Anomalies Over the Global Land
Derived by Reconstructing GRACE Data, Geophys. Res. Lett. 48 (2021) e2021GL093492.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093492.
20. Z. Chen, W. Zheng, W. Yin, X. Li, G. Zhang, J. Zhang, Improving the Spatial Resolution of GRACE-Derived Terrestrial Water
Storage Changes in Small Areas Using the Machine Learning Spatial Downscaling Method, Remote Sens. (Basel). 13 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234760.
21. R. Rietbroek, S.-E. Brunnabend, J. Kusche, J. Schröter, C. Dahle, Revisiting the contemporary sea-level budget on global and regional
scales, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 (2016) 1504–1509. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1519132113.
22. Y. Zhu, S. Liu, Y. Yi, F. Xie, R. Grünwald, W. Miao, K. Wu, M. Qi, Y. Gao, D. Singh, Overview of terrestrial water storage changes
over the Indus River Basin based on GRACE/GRACE-FO solutions, Science of The Total Environment 799 (2021) 149366.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149366.
23. W. Yin, L. Hu, J.J. Jiao, Evaluation of Groundwater Storage Variations in Northern China Using GRACE Data, Geofluids 2017
(2017) 8254824. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8254824.
24. M.A.A. Mohammed, N.P. Szabó, J.O. Alao, P. Szűcs, Deep-Learning-Based Probabilistic Forecasting of Groundwater Storage
Dynamics in Sudan Using Multisource Remote Sensing and Geophysical Data, Remote Sens. (Basel). 17 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17183172.
25. K.A. Voss, J.S. Famiglietti, M. Lo, C. de Linage, M. Rodell, S.C. Swenson, Groundwater depletion in the Middle East from GRACE
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