ARCHIVES
Original Article
Green Hydrogen Landscape: A Critical Review of Technology, Policies and Pathways
Bhawana Palariya1
Dr. Rajnikant Kumar2
1 Guest Faculty, LSM Campus Pithoragarh, Soban Singh Jeena University, Almora, Uttarakhand, India. 2 Assistant Professor, IEC Coordinator, Faculty of Commerce and Business Management, Amrapali University, Haldwani, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India.
Published Online: May-June 2026
Pages: 157-174
Cite this article
No DOIReferences
1. Abawalo M, Pikoń K, Landrat M. Comparative life cycle assessment of hydrogen production via biogas reforming and agricultural residue gasification. Appl Sci. 2025;15(9):5029. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15095029
2. Abawalo M, Pikoń K, Landrat M, Ścierski W. Hydrogen production from biowaste: A systematic review of conversion technologies, environmental impacts, and future perspectives. Energies. 2025;18(17):4520. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18174520
3. Agbejule A, Sempron-Namuag P. A bibliometric analysis of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS): Identifying barriers and drivers. Appl Energy.2025;400:126604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126604
4. Ahluwalia R, Roh HS, Peng JK, Papadias D, Baird A, Hecht E, Aceves S. LH₂ storage system for heavy-duty trucks: Configuration, performance, cost, and safety. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2023;48(35):13308–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.12.152
5. Ahmad Ibrar I, Afzal J, Ahmad S. Introduction to hydrogen economy and hydrogen as a sustainable energy carrier. In: Legal Framework of Green Hydrogen Production and Hydrogen Economy for Sustainable Development. Islamabad: SCOPUA Books; 2025. https://doi.org/10.64060/978-627-7898-00-7-2
6. Ajeeb W, Neto RC, Baptista P. Life cycle assessment of green hydrogen production through electrolysis: A literature review. Sustain Energy Technol Assess. 2024;69:103923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2024.103923.
7. Albatayneh A, Al-Omary M, Jaradat M, Bdour M, Al-Khasawneh Y, Hindiyeh M, Aljarrah R. Water-energy nexus dilemma for hydrogen production in water-scarce regions. Energy Nexus. 2025;19:100463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100463
8. Algburi S, Munther H, Al-Dulaimi O, Fakhruldeen HF, Sapaev I, Seedi KF, Nakimera G. Green hydrogen role in sustainable energy transformations: A review. Results Eng. 2025;26:105109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.105109
9. Alghool D, Haouari M, Trucco P. It is not the same green: A comparative LCA study of green hydrogen supply network pathways. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2025;140:958–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.06.346
10. Alobaid A, Kamil M, Khalil KA. Metal hydrides for solid hydrogen storage: Experimental insights, suitability evaluation, and innovative technical considerations for stationary and mobile applications. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2025;128:432–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.04.232
11. AlZohbi G. Ammonia from hydrogen: A viable pathway to sustainable transportation? Sustainability. 2025;17:8172. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188172
12. Anekwe IM, Mustapha SI, Akpasi SO, Tetteh EK, Joel AS, Isa YM. The hydrogen challenge: Addressing storage, safety, and environmental concerns in hydrogen economy. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2025;167:150952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.150952
13. Arrhenius K, Bacquart T, Aarhaug T, Persijn S, Büker O, van Workum D, Maury R. Hydrogen sampling systems adapted to heavy-duty refuelling stations' current and future specifications – A review. Energy Rep. 2024;12:3451–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2024.09.032
14. Arsad A, Hannan M, Al-Shetwi AQ, Begum R, Hossain M, Ker PJ, Mahlia TI. Hydrogen electrolyser technologies and their modelling for sustainable energy production: A comprehensive review and suggestions. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2023;48:27841–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.04.014
15. Badgett A, Brauch J, Thatte A, Rubin R, Skangos C, Wang X, Ruth M. Updated manufactured cost analysis for proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers. Golden (CO): National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 2024. Available from: https://docs.nrel.gov/docs/fy24osti/87625.pdf
16. Bento C, Lopes TF, Rodrigues P, Gírio FM, Silva CA. Biogas reforming as a sustainable solution for hydrogen production: Comparative environmental metrics with steam-methane reforming and water electrolysis in the Portuguese context. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2024;66:661–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.04.113
17. Bhuiyan MM, Siddique Z. Hydrogen as an alternative fuel: A comprehensive review of challenges and opportunities in production, storage, and transportation. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2025;102:1026–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.01.033
18. Blanchard A. Strategic investments: Electrolysis vs. storage for Europe’s energy security in the hydrogen era. Energy Policy. 2024;195:114371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2024.114371
19. Boretti A. Technology readiness level of hydrogen storage technologies for transport. Energy Storage. 2024;6:e546. https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.546
20. Bouacida I. France’s hydrogen strategy: Focusing on domestic hydrogen production to decarbonise industry and mobility. In: Quitzow RZ, editor. The Geopolitics of Hydrogen. Cham: Springer; 2024. p. 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59515-8_4.
21. Bühler L, Möst D. Projecting technological advancement of electrolyzers and the impact on the competitiveness of hydrogen. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2025;98:1174–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.12.078
22. Calabrese M, Portarapillo M, Di Nardo A, Venezia V, Turco M, Luciani G, Di Benedetto A. Hydrogen safety challenges: A comprehensive review on production, storage, transport, utilization, and CFD-based consequence and risk assessment. Energies. 2024;17:1350. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17061350
23. Cao C, Wen B, Fang Y, et al. A comprehensive comparison of green ammonia and green methanol from a full chain: Production, transportation, storage and utilization. Carbon Neutral Syst. 2025;1:8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44438-025-00009-9
24. Cendana M, Kuo RJ. Categorical data clustering: A bibliometric analysis and taxonomy. Mach Learn Knowl Extr. 2024;6:1009–54. https://doi.org/10.3390/make6020047
25. Cha M, Park MS, Kim SJ. Biological routes for biohydrogen production: A clean and carbon-free fuel. Biotechnol J. 2025;20:e70074. https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.70074
26. Chen R, Adam NA, Israilova F, Shen Q, Yan X. Economic and technological innovations in hydrogen production, storage, and utilization for sustainable energy systems and industrial applications. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2025;147:149762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.149762
27. Cheng Q, Zhang R, Shi Z, Lin L. Review of common hydrogen storage tanks and current manufacturing methods for aluminium alloy tank liners. Int J Light Mater Manuf. 2024;7:269–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2023.08.002
28. Cho A, Kim H, Park S. Resurgence of the hydrogen energy in South Korea's government strategies from 2005 to 2019. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2024;65:844–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.04.049
29. Chowdhury P, Das P, Yeassin R, Agyekum EB, Al-Maaitah MI, Odoi-Yorke F. Exploring the potential of solar and wind-powered green hydrogen: Production, costs and environmental impacts in South Asia. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2025;137:288–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.01.123
30. Clean Hydrogen Joint Undertaking. CHJU Programme Review Report 2024. Horizon Europe; 2024. Available from: https://horizoneuropencpportal.eu/sites/default/files/2024-12/chju-programme-review-report-2024.pdf
31. CSIRO. Australia’s $1.7 billion opportunity in hydrogen electrolyser manufacturing. Canberra: Australia’s NationalScience Agency; 2024 Dec 4. Available from: https://www.csiro.au/en/news/all/news/2024/december/hydrogen-electrolyser-manufacturing-report-outlines-australias-opportunity
32. Dalal M, Kaur H, Singh K. South Africa's green hydrogen roadmap: Promises, progress and policy gaps. Scope. 2025;15:50–61. Available from: https://scope-journal.com/assets/uploads/doc/ef4a9-50-61.280105.pdf
33. Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (DCCEEW). National Hydrogen Strategy 2024. Canberra: DCCEEW; 2024.
34. del Bosque A, P-F-A, Vergara D. Advancements in hydrogen storage vessels: A bibliometric analysis. Sci. 2025;17:21. https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7010021
35. Diesing A, Hanto J, Löffler K. Unlocking solar and hydrogen potentials: A comparative analysis of solar tracking systems for South Africa’s energy transition. Renew Energy. 2026;256:124066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2025.124066.
36. Donthu N, Kumar S, Mukherjee D, Pandey N, Lim WM. How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. J Bus Res. 2021;133:285–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.070
37. Donthu N, Kumar S, Pattnaik D, Lim WM. A bibliometric retrospective of marketing from the lens of psychology: Insights from Psychology & Marketing. Psychol Mark. 2021;38:834–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21472
38. European Commission (EC). REPowerEU: Affordable, secure and sustainable energy for Europe. Brussels: EC; 2022. Available from: https://commission.europa.eu/topics/energy/repowereu_en
39. Eicke L. US hydrogen policy: Paving the way for energy independence, technology leadership, and decarbonization. In: Quitzow RZ, editor. The Geopolitics of Hydrogen. Cham: Springer; 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-84022-7_4
40. Eltweri A, Al-karaki WZ, Abdullah K, Faccia A. UK hydrogen roadmap: Financial and strategic insights into oil and gas industry’s transition. Sustainability. 2025;17:113. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010113
41. Falter C, Sizmann A. Solar thermochemical hydrogen production in the USA. Sustainability. 2021;13:7804. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147804
42. Fan H, Abdussamie N, Chen PSL, Harris A, Gray EM, Arzaghi E, Penesis I. Two decades of hydrogen-powered ships (2000–2024): Evolution, challenges, and future perspectives. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2025;219:115878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115878
43. Farhana K, Mahamude AS, Kadirgama KA. Comparing hydrogen fuel cost of production from various sources: A competitive analysis. Energy Convers Manag. 2024;302:118088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118088
44. Fei L, Sun H, Yu Li YG, Zhou W, Shao Z. Recent advances in innovative systems for electrocatalytic hydrogen production. Energy Environ Sci. 2025;18:6456–6529. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EE03084B
45. Franco A, Giovannini C. Routes for hydrogen introduction in the industrial hard-to-abate sectors for promoting energy transition. Energies. 2023;16:6098. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16166098
46. Ge C, Wu P, Ni C, Wang B, Hou C, Sun X, Xie X. Effect of Al3V alloy on the hydrogen storage properties of MgH₂. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2025;97:738–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.11.417
47. Ghafouri SS, Younes J, Grasselli G. Geomechanics of geological storage of hydrogen: Knowledge gaps and future directions. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2026;225:116156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.116156
48. Green Hydrogen Organisation (GHO). GH₂ Country Portal – South Africa. Green Hydrogen Organisation; 2025. Available from: https://gh2.org/countries/south-africa
49. Gong X, Quitzow R, A B. Developing China’s hydrogen economy: National regulation through local experimentation. Transnatl Environ Law. 2024;13:337–67. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2047102524000189
50. Hassan Q, Abdulateef AM, Hafedh SA, Al-samari A, Abdulateef J, Sameen AZ, Jaszczur M. RETRACTED: Renewable energy-to-green hydrogen: A review of main resources routes, processes and evaluation. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2025;145:632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.01.175
51. Hassan Q, Algburi S, Sameen A, Jaszczur M, Salman H. Hydrogen as an energy carrier: Properties, storage methods, challenges, and future implications. Environ Syst Decis. 2024;44:327–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-023-09932-z.
2. Abawalo M, Pikoń K, Landrat M, Ścierski W. Hydrogen production from biowaste: A systematic review of conversion technologies, environmental impacts, and future perspectives. Energies. 2025;18(17):4520. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18174520
3. Agbejule A, Sempron-Namuag P. A bibliometric analysis of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS): Identifying barriers and drivers. Appl Energy.2025;400:126604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126604
4. Ahluwalia R, Roh HS, Peng JK, Papadias D, Baird A, Hecht E, Aceves S. LH₂ storage system for heavy-duty trucks: Configuration, performance, cost, and safety. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2023;48(35):13308–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.12.152
5. Ahmad Ibrar I, Afzal J, Ahmad S. Introduction to hydrogen economy and hydrogen as a sustainable energy carrier. In: Legal Framework of Green Hydrogen Production and Hydrogen Economy for Sustainable Development. Islamabad: SCOPUA Books; 2025. https://doi.org/10.64060/978-627-7898-00-7-2
6. Ajeeb W, Neto RC, Baptista P. Life cycle assessment of green hydrogen production through electrolysis: A literature review. Sustain Energy Technol Assess. 2024;69:103923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2024.103923.
7. Albatayneh A, Al-Omary M, Jaradat M, Bdour M, Al-Khasawneh Y, Hindiyeh M, Aljarrah R. Water-energy nexus dilemma for hydrogen production in water-scarce regions. Energy Nexus. 2025;19:100463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100463
8. Algburi S, Munther H, Al-Dulaimi O, Fakhruldeen HF, Sapaev I, Seedi KF, Nakimera G. Green hydrogen role in sustainable energy transformations: A review. Results Eng. 2025;26:105109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.105109
9. Alghool D, Haouari M, Trucco P. It is not the same green: A comparative LCA study of green hydrogen supply network pathways. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2025;140:958–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.06.346
10. Alobaid A, Kamil M, Khalil KA. Metal hydrides for solid hydrogen storage: Experimental insights, suitability evaluation, and innovative technical considerations for stationary and mobile applications. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2025;128:432–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.04.232
11. AlZohbi G. Ammonia from hydrogen: A viable pathway to sustainable transportation? Sustainability. 2025;17:8172. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188172
12. Anekwe IM, Mustapha SI, Akpasi SO, Tetteh EK, Joel AS, Isa YM. The hydrogen challenge: Addressing storage, safety, and environmental concerns in hydrogen economy. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2025;167:150952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.150952
13. Arrhenius K, Bacquart T, Aarhaug T, Persijn S, Büker O, van Workum D, Maury R. Hydrogen sampling systems adapted to heavy-duty refuelling stations' current and future specifications – A review. Energy Rep. 2024;12:3451–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2024.09.032
14. Arsad A, Hannan M, Al-Shetwi AQ, Begum R, Hossain M, Ker PJ, Mahlia TI. Hydrogen electrolyser technologies and their modelling for sustainable energy production: A comprehensive review and suggestions. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2023;48:27841–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.04.014
15. Badgett A, Brauch J, Thatte A, Rubin R, Skangos C, Wang X, Ruth M. Updated manufactured cost analysis for proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers. Golden (CO): National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 2024. Available from: https://docs.nrel.gov/docs/fy24osti/87625.pdf
16. Bento C, Lopes TF, Rodrigues P, Gírio FM, Silva CA. Biogas reforming as a sustainable solution for hydrogen production: Comparative environmental metrics with steam-methane reforming and water electrolysis in the Portuguese context. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2024;66:661–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.04.113
17. Bhuiyan MM, Siddique Z. Hydrogen as an alternative fuel: A comprehensive review of challenges and opportunities in production, storage, and transportation. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2025;102:1026–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.01.033
18. Blanchard A. Strategic investments: Electrolysis vs. storage for Europe’s energy security in the hydrogen era. Energy Policy. 2024;195:114371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2024.114371
19. Boretti A. Technology readiness level of hydrogen storage technologies for transport. Energy Storage. 2024;6:e546. https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.546
20. Bouacida I. France’s hydrogen strategy: Focusing on domestic hydrogen production to decarbonise industry and mobility. In: Quitzow RZ, editor. The Geopolitics of Hydrogen. Cham: Springer; 2024. p. 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59515-8_4.
21. Bühler L, Möst D. Projecting technological advancement of electrolyzers and the impact on the competitiveness of hydrogen. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2025;98:1174–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.12.078
22. Calabrese M, Portarapillo M, Di Nardo A, Venezia V, Turco M, Luciani G, Di Benedetto A. Hydrogen safety challenges: A comprehensive review on production, storage, transport, utilization, and CFD-based consequence and risk assessment. Energies. 2024;17:1350. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17061350
23. Cao C, Wen B, Fang Y, et al. A comprehensive comparison of green ammonia and green methanol from a full chain: Production, transportation, storage and utilization. Carbon Neutral Syst. 2025;1:8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44438-025-00009-9
24. Cendana M, Kuo RJ. Categorical data clustering: A bibliometric analysis and taxonomy. Mach Learn Knowl Extr. 2024;6:1009–54. https://doi.org/10.3390/make6020047
25. Cha M, Park MS, Kim SJ. Biological routes for biohydrogen production: A clean and carbon-free fuel. Biotechnol J. 2025;20:e70074. https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.70074
26. Chen R, Adam NA, Israilova F, Shen Q, Yan X. Economic and technological innovations in hydrogen production, storage, and utilization for sustainable energy systems and industrial applications. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2025;147:149762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.149762
27. Cheng Q, Zhang R, Shi Z, Lin L. Review of common hydrogen storage tanks and current manufacturing methods for aluminium alloy tank liners. Int J Light Mater Manuf. 2024;7:269–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2023.08.002
28. Cho A, Kim H, Park S. Resurgence of the hydrogen energy in South Korea's government strategies from 2005 to 2019. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2024;65:844–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.04.049
29. Chowdhury P, Das P, Yeassin R, Agyekum EB, Al-Maaitah MI, Odoi-Yorke F. Exploring the potential of solar and wind-powered green hydrogen: Production, costs and environmental impacts in South Asia. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2025;137:288–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.01.123
30. Clean Hydrogen Joint Undertaking. CHJU Programme Review Report 2024. Horizon Europe; 2024. Available from: https://horizoneuropencpportal.eu/sites/default/files/2024-12/chju-programme-review-report-2024.pdf
31. CSIRO. Australia’s $1.7 billion opportunity in hydrogen electrolyser manufacturing. Canberra: Australia’s NationalScience Agency; 2024 Dec 4. Available from: https://www.csiro.au/en/news/all/news/2024/december/hydrogen-electrolyser-manufacturing-report-outlines-australias-opportunity
32. Dalal M, Kaur H, Singh K. South Africa's green hydrogen roadmap: Promises, progress and policy gaps. Scope. 2025;15:50–61. Available from: https://scope-journal.com/assets/uploads/doc/ef4a9-50-61.280105.pdf
33. Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (DCCEEW). National Hydrogen Strategy 2024. Canberra: DCCEEW; 2024.
34. del Bosque A, P-F-A, Vergara D. Advancements in hydrogen storage vessels: A bibliometric analysis. Sci. 2025;17:21. https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7010021
35. Diesing A, Hanto J, Löffler K. Unlocking solar and hydrogen potentials: A comparative analysis of solar tracking systems for South Africa’s energy transition. Renew Energy. 2026;256:124066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2025.124066.
36. Donthu N, Kumar S, Mukherjee D, Pandey N, Lim WM. How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. J Bus Res. 2021;133:285–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.070
37. Donthu N, Kumar S, Pattnaik D, Lim WM. A bibliometric retrospective of marketing from the lens of psychology: Insights from Psychology & Marketing. Psychol Mark. 2021;38:834–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21472
38. European Commission (EC). REPowerEU: Affordable, secure and sustainable energy for Europe. Brussels: EC; 2022. Available from: https://commission.europa.eu/topics/energy/repowereu_en
39. Eicke L. US hydrogen policy: Paving the way for energy independence, technology leadership, and decarbonization. In: Quitzow RZ, editor. The Geopolitics of Hydrogen. Cham: Springer; 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-84022-7_4
40. Eltweri A, Al-karaki WZ, Abdullah K, Faccia A. UK hydrogen roadmap: Financial and strategic insights into oil and gas industry’s transition. Sustainability. 2025;17:113. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010113
41. Falter C, Sizmann A. Solar thermochemical hydrogen production in the USA. Sustainability. 2021;13:7804. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147804
42. Fan H, Abdussamie N, Chen PSL, Harris A, Gray EM, Arzaghi E, Penesis I. Two decades of hydrogen-powered ships (2000–2024): Evolution, challenges, and future perspectives. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2025;219:115878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115878
43. Farhana K, Mahamude AS, Kadirgama KA. Comparing hydrogen fuel cost of production from various sources: A competitive analysis. Energy Convers Manag. 2024;302:118088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118088
44. Fei L, Sun H, Yu Li YG, Zhou W, Shao Z. Recent advances in innovative systems for electrocatalytic hydrogen production. Energy Environ Sci. 2025;18:6456–6529. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EE03084B
45. Franco A, Giovannini C. Routes for hydrogen introduction in the industrial hard-to-abate sectors for promoting energy transition. Energies. 2023;16:6098. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16166098
46. Ge C, Wu P, Ni C, Wang B, Hou C, Sun X, Xie X. Effect of Al3V alloy on the hydrogen storage properties of MgH₂. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2025;97:738–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.11.417
47. Ghafouri SS, Younes J, Grasselli G. Geomechanics of geological storage of hydrogen: Knowledge gaps and future directions. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2026;225:116156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.116156
48. Green Hydrogen Organisation (GHO). GH₂ Country Portal – South Africa. Green Hydrogen Organisation; 2025. Available from: https://gh2.org/countries/south-africa
49. Gong X, Quitzow R, A B. Developing China’s hydrogen economy: National regulation through local experimentation. Transnatl Environ Law. 2024;13:337–67. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2047102524000189
50. Hassan Q, Abdulateef AM, Hafedh SA, Al-samari A, Abdulateef J, Sameen AZ, Jaszczur M. RETRACTED: Renewable energy-to-green hydrogen: A review of main resources routes, processes and evaluation. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2025;145:632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.01.175
51. Hassan Q, Algburi S, Sameen A, Jaszczur M, Salman H. Hydrogen as an energy carrier: Properties, storage methods, challenges, and future implications. Environ Syst Decis. 2024;44:327–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-023-09932-z.
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