ARCHIVES
Original Article
Decentralized Blockchain-Based Framework for Secure Digital Voting Applications
S A Althaf Ahammed1
V Harinisree2
F Ayisha Begum3
P S Afreena4
R K Nalan5
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dhirajlal Gandhi College of Technology, Tamilnadu, India. 2 3 4 5 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dhirajlal Gandhi College of Technology, Tamilnadu, India.
Published Online: March-April 2026
Pages: 132-144
Cite this article
No DOIReferences
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[9] P. McCorry, S. F. Shahandashti, and F. Hao, “A smart contract for boardroom voting with maximum voter privacy,” in Proc. Financial
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[10] A. Dorri, S. S. Kanhere, and R. Jurdak, “Blockchain in internet of things: Challenges and solutions,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 5,
no. 5, pp. 346–356, 2018.
[11] X. Xu et al., “A taxonomy of blockchain-based systems for architecture design,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Softw. Archit., 2017, pp.
243–252.
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[13] H. Krawczyk, M. Bellare, and R. Canetti, “HMAC: Keyedhashing for message authentication,” RFC 2104 (Updated 2018).
[14] A. Yavuz, M. Kantarcioglu, B. Bullough, and E. Jefferson, “A practical secure election scheme using blockchain,” in Proc. IEEE Int.
Conf. Data Sci. Adv. Anal., 2018.
[15] J. A. Halderman et al., “Security analysis of India’s electronic voting machines,” in Proc. ACM Conf. Comput. Commun. Secur.,
2014 ed.
[16] W. Diffie and M. Hellman, “New directions in cryptography: Retrospective,” IEEE Security Privacy, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 24–30, 2016.
[17] M. Conti, S. Kumar, C. Lal, and S. Ruj, “A survey on security and privacy issues of bitcoin,” IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts., vol. 20,
no. 4, pp. 3416–3452, 2018.
[18] Z. Zheng, S. Xie, H. Dai, X. Chen, and H. Wang, “Blockchain challenges and opportunities,” Int. J. Web Grid Serv., vol. 14, no. 4,
pp. 352–375, 2018.
[19] Y. Liu and Q. Wang, “An e-voting protocol based on blockchain,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Smart Comput., 2019.
[20] T. Hardjono, N. Smith, and A. Pentland, “Towards scalable blockchain systems,” MIT Media Lab, 2017.
[21] S. Gupta and M. Sadoghi, “Blockchain transaction processing,” in Proc. IEEE ICDE, 2019.
[22] R. Zhang and B. Preneel, “Lay down the common metrics: Evaluating proof-of-work consensus,” in Proc. IEEE Security Privacy
Workshops, 2019.
[23] A. Singh and K. Chatterjee, “Secure electronic voting system using blockchain,” Int. J. Comput. Appl., vol. 177, no. 20, pp. 1–6,
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[24] M. Pawlak and K. Poniszewska-Maranda, “Implementation of blockchain in voting systems,” Sensors, vol. 20, no. 20, 2020.
[25] H. Shahzad and J. Crowcroft, “Trustworthy electronic voting using distributed ledger,” in Proc. IEEE Blockchain Conf., 2020.
[26] S. Park et al., “Blockchain-based voting system with privacy protection,” Electronics, vol. 9, no. 6, 2020.
[27] K. Rathi and D. Mehta, “Lightweight blockchain framework for secure elections,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Adv. Comput., 2021.
[28] A. Kumar and S. Tripathi, “Cryptographic verification in blockchain-based e-voting,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 123456– 123468,
2021.
[29] J. Li, X. Huang, and Y. Xiang, “Privacy-preserving blockchainbased voting scheme,” Future Gener. Comput. Syst., vol. 120, pp. 1–
12, 2021.
[30] P. Sharma and R. Gupta, “Performance analysis of SHA-256 in secure applications,” Int. J. Netw. Secur., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 567–575,
2021.
[31] L. Chen et al., “Blockchain security analysis: A comprehensive survey,” ACM Comput. Surveys, vol. 54, no. 3, 2022.
[32] S. Nakamura and H. Tanaka, “Decentralized voting system using permissioned blockchain,” in Proc. IEEE TrustCom, 2022.
[33] R. Gupta and M. Singh, “Efficient vote validation mechanism using blockchain,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 78901–78915, 2022.
[34] D. Nguyen and J. Kim, “Scalable blockchain architecture for institutional voting,” Computers Security, vol. 115, 2022.
[35] E. Torres and F. Perez, “Tamper-evident voting using hashlinked blocks,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Cyber Security, 2023.
[36] Y. Wang et al., “Real-time blockchain validation mechanisms,” IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 234–248, 2023.
[37] A. Mehta and S. Iyer, “Performance benchmarking of private blockchain frameworks,” Future Internet, vol. 15, no. 4, 2023.
[38] K. Patel and R. Shah, “Secure and transparent election system using distributed ledger,” in Proc. IEEE ICCCNT, 2023.
[39] M. Ahmed and L. Zhou, “Lightweight consensus for permissioned blockchain,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 11234–11248, 2023.
[40] S. Rao and P. Kulkarni, “Blockchain-enabled digital governance framework,” Gov. Inf. Q., vol. 41, 2024.
[41] T. Williams et al., “Cryptographic audit trails for electronic voting,” in Proc. IEEE S&P Workshops, 2024.
[42] Y. Chen and Z. Li, “Scalable blockchain voting protocol with enhanced privacy,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security, vol. 19, 2024.
[43] R. Iqbal and A. Khan, “Advanced tamper detection models for blockchain-based elections,” Computers Security, vol. 132, 2025.
[44] P. Reddy and V. Kumar, “AI-assisted integrity monitoring in blockchain voting systems,” in Proc. IEEE BigData, 2025.
[45] J. Smith and L. Brown, “Next-generation secure digital elections using hybrid blockchain,” IEEE Access, vol. 14, pp. 1–15, 2026.
[2] M. Crosby, P. Pattanayak, S. Verma, and V. Kalyanaraman,
“Blockchain technology: Beyond bitcoin,” Appl. Innov., vol. 2, pp. 6– 10, 2016.
[3] S. Haber and W. S. Stornetta, “Secure names for bit-strings,” in Proc. ACM Conf. Comput. Commun. Secur., 2014, pp. 28–35.
[4] K. Christidis and M. Devetsikiotis, “Blockchains and smart contracts for the internet of things,” IEEE Access, vol. 4, pp. 2292– 2303,
2016.
[5] M. Swan, Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy, 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2015.
[6] J. Bonneau et al., “SoK: Research perspectives and challenges for bitcoin and cryptocurrencies,” in Proc. IEEE Symp. Security
Privacy, 2015, pp. 104–121.
[7] A. Kiayias, T. Zacharias, and B. Zhang, “End-to-end verifiable elections in the standard model,” in Advances in Cryptology
(EUROCRYPT), 2015, pp. 468–498.
[8] F. Hao, P. Y. A. Ryan, and P. Zielinski, “Anonymous voting by two-round public discussion,” IET Inf. Secur., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 62–
67, 2014.
[9] P. McCorry, S. F. Shahandashti, and F. Hao, “A smart contract for boardroom voting with maximum voter privacy,” in Proc. Financial
Cryptography, 2017, pp. 357–375.
[10] A. Dorri, S. S. Kanhere, and R. Jurdak, “Blockchain in internet of things: Challenges and solutions,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 5,
no. 5, pp. 346–356, 2018.
[11] X. Xu et al., “A taxonomy of blockchain-based systems for architecture design,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Softw. Archit., 2017, pp.
243–252.
[12] NIST, “Secure hash standard (SHS),” FIPS PUB 180-4, 2015.
[13] H. Krawczyk, M. Bellare, and R. Canetti, “HMAC: Keyedhashing for message authentication,” RFC 2104 (Updated 2018).
[14] A. Yavuz, M. Kantarcioglu, B. Bullough, and E. Jefferson, “A practical secure election scheme using blockchain,” in Proc. IEEE Int.
Conf. Data Sci. Adv. Anal., 2018.
[15] J. A. Halderman et al., “Security analysis of India’s electronic voting machines,” in Proc. ACM Conf. Comput. Commun. Secur.,
2014 ed.
[16] W. Diffie and M. Hellman, “New directions in cryptography: Retrospective,” IEEE Security Privacy, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 24–30, 2016.
[17] M. Conti, S. Kumar, C. Lal, and S. Ruj, “A survey on security and privacy issues of bitcoin,” IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts., vol. 20,
no. 4, pp. 3416–3452, 2018.
[18] Z. Zheng, S. Xie, H. Dai, X. Chen, and H. Wang, “Blockchain challenges and opportunities,” Int. J. Web Grid Serv., vol. 14, no. 4,
pp. 352–375, 2018.
[19] Y. Liu and Q. Wang, “An e-voting protocol based on blockchain,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Smart Comput., 2019.
[20] T. Hardjono, N. Smith, and A. Pentland, “Towards scalable blockchain systems,” MIT Media Lab, 2017.
[21] S. Gupta and M. Sadoghi, “Blockchain transaction processing,” in Proc. IEEE ICDE, 2019.
[22] R. Zhang and B. Preneel, “Lay down the common metrics: Evaluating proof-of-work consensus,” in Proc. IEEE Security Privacy
Workshops, 2019.
[23] A. Singh and K. Chatterjee, “Secure electronic voting system using blockchain,” Int. J. Comput. Appl., vol. 177, no. 20, pp. 1–6,
2020.
[24] M. Pawlak and K. Poniszewska-Maranda, “Implementation of blockchain in voting systems,” Sensors, vol. 20, no. 20, 2020.
[25] H. Shahzad and J. Crowcroft, “Trustworthy electronic voting using distributed ledger,” in Proc. IEEE Blockchain Conf., 2020.
[26] S. Park et al., “Blockchain-based voting system with privacy protection,” Electronics, vol. 9, no. 6, 2020.
[27] K. Rathi and D. Mehta, “Lightweight blockchain framework for secure elections,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Adv. Comput., 2021.
[28] A. Kumar and S. Tripathi, “Cryptographic verification in blockchain-based e-voting,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 123456– 123468,
2021.
[29] J. Li, X. Huang, and Y. Xiang, “Privacy-preserving blockchainbased voting scheme,” Future Gener. Comput. Syst., vol. 120, pp. 1–
12, 2021.
[30] P. Sharma and R. Gupta, “Performance analysis of SHA-256 in secure applications,” Int. J. Netw. Secur., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 567–575,
2021.
[31] L. Chen et al., “Blockchain security analysis: A comprehensive survey,” ACM Comput. Surveys, vol. 54, no. 3, 2022.
[32] S. Nakamura and H. Tanaka, “Decentralized voting system using permissioned blockchain,” in Proc. IEEE TrustCom, 2022.
[33] R. Gupta and M. Singh, “Efficient vote validation mechanism using blockchain,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 78901–78915, 2022.
[34] D. Nguyen and J. Kim, “Scalable blockchain architecture for institutional voting,” Computers Security, vol. 115, 2022.
[35] E. Torres and F. Perez, “Tamper-evident voting using hashlinked blocks,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Cyber Security, 2023.
[36] Y. Wang et al., “Real-time blockchain validation mechanisms,” IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 234–248, 2023.
[37] A. Mehta and S. Iyer, “Performance benchmarking of private blockchain frameworks,” Future Internet, vol. 15, no. 4, 2023.
[38] K. Patel and R. Shah, “Secure and transparent election system using distributed ledger,” in Proc. IEEE ICCCNT, 2023.
[39] M. Ahmed and L. Zhou, “Lightweight consensus for permissioned blockchain,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 11234–11248, 2023.
[40] S. Rao and P. Kulkarni, “Blockchain-enabled digital governance framework,” Gov. Inf. Q., vol. 41, 2024.
[41] T. Williams et al., “Cryptographic audit trails for electronic voting,” in Proc. IEEE S&P Workshops, 2024.
[42] Y. Chen and Z. Li, “Scalable blockchain voting protocol with enhanced privacy,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security, vol. 19, 2024.
[43] R. Iqbal and A. Khan, “Advanced tamper detection models for blockchain-based elections,” Computers Security, vol. 132, 2025.
[44] P. Reddy and V. Kumar, “AI-assisted integrity monitoring in blockchain voting systems,” in Proc. IEEE BigData, 2025.
[45] J. Smith and L. Brown, “Next-generation secure digital elections using hybrid blockchain,” IEEE Access, vol. 14, pp. 1–15, 2026.
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