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Review Article
Detection of Depression using Various Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques: A Review
Anand Mohan1
Hari Mohan Singh2
1 2 Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Published Online: March-April 2026
Pages: 38-46
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/ijire.20260702005References
1. Md. Rafiqul Islam et al.,”Depression detection from social network data using machine learning techniques”, 2018.
2. M. De Choudhary, Michael Gamon, Scott Counts, Eric Horvitz”, Predicting Depression via Social Media”, 2013.
3. Vasavi Gajarla and Aditi Gupta, “Emotion Detection and Sentiment Analysis of Images”, 2015.4. Bridianne O’Dea, Stephen Wan, Philip J Batterham, Alison L Calear, “Detecting Suicidality on Twitter”, 2015.
5. Manju Lata Joshi and Nehal Kanoongo, “Depression detection using emotional artificial intelligence and machine learning: A closer
review”, 2022.
6. Thin Nguyen, Dinh Phung, Bob Dao, Svetha Venkatesh, “Affective and Content Analysis of Online Depression Communities”, 2014.
7. M. Park, D. W. McDonald and M. Cha, “Perception Differences between the Depressed and Non-Depressed Users in Twitter”, 2013.
8. F. Cacheda, Diego Fernandez, Francisco J Novoa, Victor Carneiro, “Early Detection of Depression: Social Network Analysis and
Random Forest Techniques”, 2013.
9. S. Kale, Pravin Borate and M. K. Nivangune, “Predicting Depression Level using Social Media Sites”, 2019.
10. Moin Nadeem, “Identifying Depression on Twitter”, 2013.
11. M.A. Ganaie, Minghui Hu, A.K. Malik, M. Tanveer, P.N. Suganthan, “Ensemble deep learning: A review”, 2022.
12. Guangyao Shen, Jia Jia, Liqiang Nie, Fuli Feng, Cunjun Zhang, Tianrui Hu, Tat-Seng Chua and Wenwu Zhu, “Depression Detection
via Harvesting Social Media: A Multimodal Dictionary Learning Solution”, 2017.
13. Hatoon AlSagri and Mourad Ykhlef, “Machine Learning-based Approach for Depression Detection in Twitter Using Content and
Activity Features”, 2020.
14. A Mercy Rani, R. Durgadevi, “Image Processing Techniques To Recognize Facial Emotions”, 2017.
15. S. Oak, "Depression Detection and Analysis”, 2017
16. M. Deshpande, V. Rao, “Depression detection using emotion artificial intelligence”, 2017
17. D.S. Thosar, Varsha Gothe, P. Bhorkade, V. Sanap, “Review on Mood Detection using Image Processing and Chatbot using Artificial
Intelligence”, 2018.
18. T.M. Fonseka, Venkat Bhat, S.H. Kennedy, “The utility of artificial intelligence in suicide risk prediction and the management of suicidal
behaviors”, 2019.
19. S.N. Shephali, A.V. Patil, G.S. Patil, S.P. Patil, B.D. Jitkar, “AI Therapist Using Natural Language Processing”, 2020.
20. H.S. AlSagri, M. Ykhlef, “Machine learning-based approach for depression detection in twitter using content and activity features”,
2020.
21. N.P. Shetty, B. Muniyal, A. Anand, S. Kumar, S. Prabhu, "Predicting depression using deep learning and ensemble algorithms on raw
twitter data”, 2020.
22. Swathy Krishna, Anju. J, “Different Approaches in Depression Analysis: A Review”, 2020.
23. S. Sakib et al., “Transfer learning based method for automatic COVID-19 cases detection in chest X-ray images,” 2021.
24. I. Jeya Daisy, B. V. Kumar, and M. Krishnamoorthy, “Early-stage depression detector using IoMT”, 2021.
25. P. Sharma and D. Rawal,”Mental illness/Depression Detection from social media data using machine learning techniques”, 2022.
26. Sandeep Dwarkanath Pande, S. K. Hasane Ahammad, Madhuri Navnath Gurav, Osama S. Faragallah, Mahmoud M. A. Eid, Ahmed
Nabih Zaki Rashed, “Depression detection based on social networking sites using data mining”, 2023.
27. Gaurav Kumar Gupta, Dilip Kumar Sharma, “A Review of Overfitting Solutions in Smart Depression Detection Models”, 2024.
28. Khan Md Hasib, Md Rafiqul Islam, Shadman Sakib, Md. Ali Akbar, Imran Razzak, and Mohammad Shafiul Alam, “Depression
Detection from Social Networks Data Based on Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques: An Interrogative Survey”, 2024.
29. B. O’Dea, S. Wan, P. J. Batterham, A. L. Calear, C. Paris, and H. Christensen, “Detecting suicidality on Twitter”, 2015.
30. T. Pedersen, “Screening Twitter Users for Depression and PTSD with Lexical Decision Lists”, 2015.
31. D. Preot, M. Sap, H. A. Schwartz, and L. Ungar, “Mental Illness Detection at the World Well-Being Project for the CLPsych 2015 Shared
Task”, 2015.
32. P. Resnik, W. Armstrong, L. Claudino, and T. Nguyen, “The University of Maryland CLPsych 2015 Shared Task System”, 2015.
33. R. K. Behera, M. Jena, S. K. Rath, and S. Misra, “Co-LSTM: Convolutional LSTM model for sentiment analysis in social big data”,
2021.
34. A. A. Bahattab et al., “PEERP: An priority-based energy-efficient routing protocol for reliable data transmission in healthcare using the
IoT”, 2020.
35. D. Zhang, L. Tian, M. Hong, F. Han, Y. Ren, and Y. Chen, “Combining convolution neural network and bidirectional gated recur- rent
unit for sentence semantic classification”, 2018.
36. R. L. Rosa, G. M. Schwartz, W. V. Ruggiero, and D. Z. Rodriguez, “A knowledge-based recommendation system that includes sentiment
analysis and deep learning”, 2019.
37. M. R. Islam, M. A. Kabir, A. Ahmed, A. R. M. Kamal, H. Wang, and A. Ulhaq, “Depression detection from social network data using
machine learning techniques”, 2018.
38. A. Priya, S. Garg, and N. P. Tigga, “Predicting anxiety, depression and stress in modern life using machine learning algorithms”, 2020.
39. N.Seneviratne and C.Espy-Wilson,“Generalized dilated CNN models for depression detection using inverted vocal tract variables”, 2020.
40. C. Y. Chiu, H. Y. Lane, J. L. Koh, and A. L. P. Chen, “Multimodal depression detection on Instagram considering time interval of posts”,
2021.
2. M. De Choudhary, Michael Gamon, Scott Counts, Eric Horvitz”, Predicting Depression via Social Media”, 2013.
3. Vasavi Gajarla and Aditi Gupta, “Emotion Detection and Sentiment Analysis of Images”, 2015.4. Bridianne O’Dea, Stephen Wan, Philip J Batterham, Alison L Calear, “Detecting Suicidality on Twitter”, 2015.
5. Manju Lata Joshi and Nehal Kanoongo, “Depression detection using emotional artificial intelligence and machine learning: A closer
review”, 2022.
6. Thin Nguyen, Dinh Phung, Bob Dao, Svetha Venkatesh, “Affective and Content Analysis of Online Depression Communities”, 2014.
7. M. Park, D. W. McDonald and M. Cha, “Perception Differences between the Depressed and Non-Depressed Users in Twitter”, 2013.
8. F. Cacheda, Diego Fernandez, Francisco J Novoa, Victor Carneiro, “Early Detection of Depression: Social Network Analysis and
Random Forest Techniques”, 2013.
9. S. Kale, Pravin Borate and M. K. Nivangune, “Predicting Depression Level using Social Media Sites”, 2019.
10. Moin Nadeem, “Identifying Depression on Twitter”, 2013.
11. M.A. Ganaie, Minghui Hu, A.K. Malik, M. Tanveer, P.N. Suganthan, “Ensemble deep learning: A review”, 2022.
12. Guangyao Shen, Jia Jia, Liqiang Nie, Fuli Feng, Cunjun Zhang, Tianrui Hu, Tat-Seng Chua and Wenwu Zhu, “Depression Detection
via Harvesting Social Media: A Multimodal Dictionary Learning Solution”, 2017.
13. Hatoon AlSagri and Mourad Ykhlef, “Machine Learning-based Approach for Depression Detection in Twitter Using Content and
Activity Features”, 2020.
14. A Mercy Rani, R. Durgadevi, “Image Processing Techniques To Recognize Facial Emotions”, 2017.
15. S. Oak, "Depression Detection and Analysis”, 2017
16. M. Deshpande, V. Rao, “Depression detection using emotion artificial intelligence”, 2017
17. D.S. Thosar, Varsha Gothe, P. Bhorkade, V. Sanap, “Review on Mood Detection using Image Processing and Chatbot using Artificial
Intelligence”, 2018.
18. T.M. Fonseka, Venkat Bhat, S.H. Kennedy, “The utility of artificial intelligence in suicide risk prediction and the management of suicidal
behaviors”, 2019.
19. S.N. Shephali, A.V. Patil, G.S. Patil, S.P. Patil, B.D. Jitkar, “AI Therapist Using Natural Language Processing”, 2020.
20. H.S. AlSagri, M. Ykhlef, “Machine learning-based approach for depression detection in twitter using content and activity features”,
2020.
21. N.P. Shetty, B. Muniyal, A. Anand, S. Kumar, S. Prabhu, "Predicting depression using deep learning and ensemble algorithms on raw
twitter data”, 2020.
22. Swathy Krishna, Anju. J, “Different Approaches in Depression Analysis: A Review”, 2020.
23. S. Sakib et al., “Transfer learning based method for automatic COVID-19 cases detection in chest X-ray images,” 2021.
24. I. Jeya Daisy, B. V. Kumar, and M. Krishnamoorthy, “Early-stage depression detector using IoMT”, 2021.
25. P. Sharma and D. Rawal,”Mental illness/Depression Detection from social media data using machine learning techniques”, 2022.
26. Sandeep Dwarkanath Pande, S. K. Hasane Ahammad, Madhuri Navnath Gurav, Osama S. Faragallah, Mahmoud M. A. Eid, Ahmed
Nabih Zaki Rashed, “Depression detection based on social networking sites using data mining”, 2023.
27. Gaurav Kumar Gupta, Dilip Kumar Sharma, “A Review of Overfitting Solutions in Smart Depression Detection Models”, 2024.
28. Khan Md Hasib, Md Rafiqul Islam, Shadman Sakib, Md. Ali Akbar, Imran Razzak, and Mohammad Shafiul Alam, “Depression
Detection from Social Networks Data Based on Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques: An Interrogative Survey”, 2024.
29. B. O’Dea, S. Wan, P. J. Batterham, A. L. Calear, C. Paris, and H. Christensen, “Detecting suicidality on Twitter”, 2015.
30. T. Pedersen, “Screening Twitter Users for Depression and PTSD with Lexical Decision Lists”, 2015.
31. D. Preot, M. Sap, H. A. Schwartz, and L. Ungar, “Mental Illness Detection at the World Well-Being Project for the CLPsych 2015 Shared
Task”, 2015.
32. P. Resnik, W. Armstrong, L. Claudino, and T. Nguyen, “The University of Maryland CLPsych 2015 Shared Task System”, 2015.
33. R. K. Behera, M. Jena, S. K. Rath, and S. Misra, “Co-LSTM: Convolutional LSTM model for sentiment analysis in social big data”,
2021.
34. A. A. Bahattab et al., “PEERP: An priority-based energy-efficient routing protocol for reliable data transmission in healthcare using the
IoT”, 2020.
35. D. Zhang, L. Tian, M. Hong, F. Han, Y. Ren, and Y. Chen, “Combining convolution neural network and bidirectional gated recur- rent
unit for sentence semantic classification”, 2018.
36. R. L. Rosa, G. M. Schwartz, W. V. Ruggiero, and D. Z. Rodriguez, “A knowledge-based recommendation system that includes sentiment
analysis and deep learning”, 2019.
37. M. R. Islam, M. A. Kabir, A. Ahmed, A. R. M. Kamal, H. Wang, and A. Ulhaq, “Depression detection from social network data using
machine learning techniques”, 2018.
38. A. Priya, S. Garg, and N. P. Tigga, “Predicting anxiety, depression and stress in modern life using machine learning algorithms”, 2020.
39. N.Seneviratne and C.Espy-Wilson,“Generalized dilated CNN models for depression detection using inverted vocal tract variables”, 2020.
40. C. Y. Chiu, H. Y. Lane, J. L. Koh, and A. L. P. Chen, “Multimodal depression detection on Instagram considering time interval of posts”,
2021.
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